What indicators of nutritional risk in pregnancy should be considered in a client of normal weight?

During pregnancy, various indicators of nutritional risk can significantly affect both maternal and fetal health. The correct choice highlights two critical risk factors: being a smoker and having a twin gestation.

Smoking during pregnancy is associated with numerous adverse outcomes, including low birth weight, preterm birth, and developmental issues in the child. It can impair oxygen delivery and nutrient transport to the fetus, ultimately leading to a higher risk of complications.

Twin gestation is another factor that elevates nutritional risk because it places increased demands on a woman's body for energy and nutrients. Mothers of twins often require greater caloric intake and specific nutrients to support both developing fetuses adequately. This can lead to risks like preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and anemia, making it crucial for them to receive appropriate nutritional support throughout their pregnancy.

In contrast, while advanced maternal age, personal history of gestational diabetes, or low socioeconomic status may indicate certain risks as well, they do not directly imply the same immediate nutritional demands and complications as smoking and carrying twins. The combination of smoking with the physiological challenges of a twin pregnancy presents a particularly high nutritional risk that must be monitored closely.